RuralEnergyInEurope-full-report, Sci Zagadnieniami-poukladane-materialy, nieposegregowane
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Table of contents Preface ............................................................................................................................. 1 Defi nition of energy carriers ........................................................................................... 2 Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 2 1 Executive summary ....................................................................................................... 3 2 Recommendations ........................................................................................................ 5 3 France ........................................................................................................................... 6 4 Germany ....................................................................................................................... 8 5 Italy ............................................................................................................................. 10 6 Poland ......................................................................................................................... 12 7 United Kingdom ......................................................................................................... 14 Data sources .................................................................................................................. 16 Ecofys Netherlands BV Kanaalweg 15-G 3526 KL Utrecht www.ecofys.com Authors: Heleen Groenenberg Pieter van Breevoort Yvonne Deng Paul Noothout Arno van den Bos By order of: SHV Energy within the framework of the Future of Rural Energy in Europe (FREE) initiative Design and layout www.artnu.eu September 2011 Preface Sustainable energy has attained a irm position on the agendas of policy makers in the European Union. It has been widely recognised as the key to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and governments and industries have acknowledged the need for a transition to a sustainable energy system by the middle of this century. At the same time, rural development is an important part of EU policies, since rural regions tend to be economically less advanced than urban regions. Energy can play a part here. Surprisingly, the role of sustainable energy for the development of rural areas in the EU has received little attention from policy makers to date. If rural areas are to be included in the transition to a sustainable energy system, policy makers need quantiied information to underpin any decision making on this. Sound information on differences in energy consumption patterns between rural and urban areas has been absent so far, and therefore the status of rural energy is unknown. The Future of Rural Energy in Europe (FREE) initiative has taken action to address this need by commissioning this study. This report provides a wealth of information on energy demand in a variety of economic sectors in some of the largest EU Member States, focussing on the difference between rural and urban regions. It sheds light on differences in emissions per head of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants. It also pays attention to the effect of economic activity on these regional energy demand patterns. There is a considerable scope for emissions reductions from energy consumption in the EU’s rural regions and regions with limited economic activity. Targeted policies could help capitalise on this potential, through an increased use of renewable energy sources in these regions, a switch to low carbon fuels, and the improvement of a decentralised energy supply. The analysis of sub-national energy data provides the main basis for the outcome of this project. However, we are grateful for the contributions provided by a series of national experts, who gave invaluable background information on differences in energy consumption patterns between rural and urban regions in their country. We would like to acknowledge Pierre Laurent, Régine Trotignon, and Anne Miquel from the Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME); Loïc le Quilleuc (ADEME Auvergne); Dr. Andrej Jentsch from Richtvert; Giovanni Caiero (Studio Caiero) and Gaetano Fasano (ENEA); Marek Hryniewicz and Prof. Anna Grzybek from the Polish Institute of Technology and Life; Dr. John Barrett (Leeds University) and Prof. dr. Roy Alexander (University of Chester). Their input was of great value. The dedication and enthusiasm of the Ecofys analysts underpins the quality of this study. I am conident that our readers will derive considerable beneit from the insights offered by this report. Manon Janssen Chief Executive Oficer Ecofys 1 Ecofys | Rural energy in Europe Definitions of energy carriers Glossary CO 2 Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide equivalents (a commonly used measure to express the amount of greenhouse gas emissions) CO 2 -eq GHG Greenhouse Gas GVA Gross Value Added Mt Megatonne (a million tonnes) MW e Megawatt (a million Watts) electrical output from a power plant 2 Ecofys | Rural energy in Europe 1 Executive Summary Background A sustainable energy future for the European Union is important for all its citizens. Some areas within Europe are still deprived of access to a secure supply of clean and affordable energy. Gas and electricity networks are less well developed in rural areas and so the choice of fuels is more limited. Yet, there is a target to be reached - reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the EU by 20% by 2020 - and these rural areas have a signiicant role to play in reaching this. To date, the role of energy in the development of rural areas in the EU has been less well considered in EU policies than other aspects. A better insight is required into energy consumption patterns in the areas, and in differences between areas, to provide an evidence base for developing regional policies on sustainable energy supply. Objectives In this summary report, we provide that insight based on the analysis of national and sub-national energy data, and on interviews with national energy experts. We present demand patterns for energy used by consumers in rural, intermediate, and urban areas. We also provide an insight into the way lower economic activity in rural areas plays a role in energy demand patterns. The study shows how differences in the fuels used in certain areas can lead to varying greenhouse gas emission levels. Differences in the fuel mix will also have an economic effect because of different fuel prices, although detailed consideration of this effect was outside the scope of this study. This study presents energy mixes in rural, intermediate and urban areas, as well as GHG emissions per head. For this study, the focus was on ive of the larger EU Member States: France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. These countries represent 61% of the EU population, 61% of total inal energy consumption in the EU, and 62% of CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. 3 Ecofys | Rural energy in Europe [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] |